Reversible Logic Synthesis of Fault Tolerant Carry Skip BCD Adder

Reversible logic is emerging as an important research area having its application in diverse fields such as low power CMOS design, digital signal processing, cryptography, quantum computing and optical information processing. This paper presents a new 4*4 parity preserving reversible logic gate, IG. The proposed parity preserving reversible gate can be used to synthesize any arbitrary Boolean function. It allows any fault that affects no more than a single signal readily detectable at the circuit's primary outputs. It is shown that a fault tolerant reversible full adder circuit can be realized using only two IGs. The proposed fault tolerant full adder (FTFA) is used to design other arithmetic logic circuits for which it is used as the fundamental building block. It has also been demonstrated that the proposed design offers less hardware complexity and is efficient in terms of gate count, garbage outputs and constant inputs than the existing counterparts.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 5 table

Modeling Spammer Behavior: Artificial Neural Network vs. Naïve Bayesian Classifier

The exponential growth of spam emails in recent years is a fact of life. Internet subscribers world-wide are unwittingly paying an estimated €10 billion a year in connection costs just to receive “junk” emails, according to a study undertaken for the European Commission. Though there is no universal definition of spam, unwanted and unsolicited commercial email as a mass mailing to a large number of recipients is basically known as the junk email or spam to the internet community. Spams are considered to be potential threat to Internet Security. Spam's direct effects include the consumption of computer and network resources and the cost in human time and attention of dismissing unwanted messages. More importantly, these ever increasing spams are taking various forms and finding home not only in mailboxes but also in newsgroups, discussion forums etc without the consent of the recipients. Overflowing mailboxes are overwhelming users, causing newsgroups and discussion forums to be flooded with irrelevant or inappropriate messages. As a consequence, users are getting discouraged not to use them anymore though these systems can provide numerous benefits to them.Full Tex

Strength Behavior of Mortar Using Fly Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement

This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effects of fly ash on strength development of mortar and the optimum use of fly ash in mortar. Cement was partially replaced with six percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%) of class F fly ash by weight. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar was also prepared as reference mortar. Compressive as well as tensile strengths of the mortar specimens were determined at 3, 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. Test results show that strength increases with the increase of fly ash up to an optimum value, beyond which, strength values start decreasing with further addition of fly ash. Among the six fly ash mortars, the optimum amount of cement replacement in mortar is about 40%, which provides 14% higher compressive strength and 8% higher tensile strength as compared to OPC mortar

An Analytical Example for Developing Countries: The More Amounts in Budgets, the More Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh

The study gives the grievous concerned about the national budgets in Bangladesh that have a positive effect on poverty reduction process in developing countries all over the world. Recently, Bangladesh has been performing well from the growth perspective (e.g., GDP growth rate was on average 5.8% per year during 2000-2010 by CDP, 2011). This research provides the last seven fiscal years’ national budgets that are increasing in amounts in regard to public demands and national growth. The study also deals with the current status of poverty rate in Bangladesh. This shows that how fiscal policy could play vital roles in the poverty reduction process. As a result, if the National budgets are bigger in amounts, well-designed and effectively implemented in a country the poverty will be reduced gradually. Finally, based on the findings, this study a number of suggestive policy measures that the planners and implementers of fiscal policy may consider for the future development of the developing countries in the world like Bangladesh. Keywords: Developing Country; Poverty Reduction; GDP rate; Budgets; Fiscal Policy; Per Capita Income; and Growth rat

Food Protein-based Core-shell Nanocarriers for Oral Drug Delivery Applications: (Influence of Shell Composition on \u3cem\u3eIn vitro\u3c/em\u3e and \u3cem\u3eIn vivo\u3c/em\u3e Functional Performance of Zein Nanocarriers

Oral delivery is the most preferred route for drug administration. Oral drug delivery is limited by poor physicochemical properties of drugs and physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract. To this end, there is a need for developing new carrier systems to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed molecules. Food-grade biopolymers are attractive materials for developing drug delivery carriers’ due to their unique properties and proven safety. Six different core-shell nanocarriers were prepared using food-grade biopolymers including zein-casein (ZC) nanoparticles, zein-lactoferrin (ZLF) nanoparticles, zein-β-lactoglobulin (ZLG) nanoparticles, zein-whey protein isolate (ZWP) nanoparticles, zein-pluronic-lecithin (ZPL) nanoparticles and zein-PEG (ZPEG) micelles. The study was aimed at systematically investigating the influence of shell composition on the functional performance of core-shell nanocarriers for oral drug delivery applications. The first goal was to develop and study the structure-function relationship of coreshell nanocarriers for oral drug delivery applications. Nile red (NR) and Cy 5.5 were used as model dyes for this study. The particle size of the nanocarriers ranged from 100 to 250 nm, and the nanocarrier had a uniform size distribution as evidenced from the low PDI (0.08 to 0.3). The zeta potential values varied from -10 to 30 mV depending on the shell composition. The core-shell structure of the nanocarrier was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The nanocarriers sustained the release of NR in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. NR release from the nanocarriers predominantly followed Peppas model which indicates the diffusion of NR from nanocarriers by polymer erosion by hydrolytic or enzymatic cleavage. NR release from ZPEG micelles followed first order release kinetics. The nanocarriers were taken up by endocytosis in Caco-2 cells, which is an established model for intestinal permeability studies. ZLG nanocarriers showed the highest permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers, while ZC nanoparticles showed the lowest permeability among the six formulations. ZPEG micelles also showed P-gp inhibitory activity. All the nanocarriers were found to have bioadhesive properties. Among the six different nanocarriers, ZLG and ZWP nanocarriers showed significantly higher bioadhesive property. In-vivo biodistribution of the nanocarriers was studied using Cy 5.5, a near-IR dye and all the formulations showed longer retention in the rat gastrointestinal tract compared to the free dye. Among the formulations, ZLG and ZWP nanoparticles were retained longest in the rat gastrointestinal tract (≥24 hours). All the nanocarriers were found to be non-immunogenic on oral administration to mice. The second goal was to investigate the use of core-shell nanocarriers for oral delivery of a model antiretroviral drug, lopinavir (LPV). LPV is a first-line protease inhibitor used for the treatment of HIV infections, especially in children. The drug has poor oral bioavailability due to its poor water solubility, poor membrane permeability and firstpass metabolism in the intestine. LPV is a substrate for the CYP3A4 enzyme and hence is used in combination with ritonavir (a CYP3A4 inhibitor) to boost the oral bioavailability of LPV. The current pediatric oral liquid formulation contains LPV and ritonavir (RTV) in a mixture of high proportion of propylene glycol and alcohol. The main goal was to test the feasibility of developing a water dispersible RTV free pediatric formulation of LPV using zein-based core-shell nanocarriers. The impact of shell composition on the functional properties of LPV loaded nanocarriers was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The encapsulation efficiency for LPV was above 70% in all the nanocarriers, and ZPL nanoparticles showed the highest encapsulation efficiency (87.92±7.19%). The loading efficiency ranged from 2 to 5% based on the shell composition. The release of LPV was sustained both in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) for 24 hours. To test the feasibility of developing a food sprinkle formulation, the compatibility of the nanoformulations with model food matrices were studied. The nanocarriers were stable when incubated in food matrices (milk and applesauce) andZC\u3eZLF\u3eZWP\u3eZLG\u3eZPL. In vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that the oral bioavailability of LPV increased by 2-fold compared to marketed LPV/RTV liquid formulation (Kaletra®). The highest oral bioavailability was obtained with LPV loaded ZPEG micelles followed by ZWP and ZLG nanoparticles. Highest plasma concentration (Cmax) of LPV was achieved with ZPEG micelles which was comparable to Kaletra® formulation. The extent of absorption (AUC) of LPV was in the following decreasing order of ZPEG\u3eZWP\u3eZLG\u3eKaletra®\u3efree LPV. Multiple dose PK study further demonstrated that similar or higher steady-state plasma concentration can be obtained using ZPEG micelles compared to Kaletra®. Findings from this chapter concludes that zein-based nanocarriers can be used to develop ritonavir free LPV formulation which will ultimately reduce the total drug load and drug-drug interaction in the treatment of HIV infection. The last objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of using zein-based core-shell nanocarriers for oral delivery of fenretinide, an investigational anti-cancer molecule. Fenretinide has been found to be effective against several cancers including pediatric neuroblastoma, However, the clinical development of fenretinide is limited by its poor physicochemical properties. Fenretinide is a poorly soluble and poor permeable anti-cancer agent. Further, the compound has poor chemical stability. The encapsulation efficiency for fenretinide was above 70% in all the nanocarriers and zein-β-casein (ZC) nanoparticles showed the highest encapsulation efficiency (90±0.091%). The release of fenretinide was sustained both in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) for 24 hours. The nanocarriers were stable when incubated in food matrices (milk and applesauce), and less than 30% of fenretinide was released after incubation for 1 hour in food matrices. About 60% of fenretinide was released over 24 hours when the nanocarriers was transferred from food matrices to SGF and SIF. The nanocarriers enhanced the permeability of fenretinide across the Caco-2 cell monolayers from 1x10-6 to 72.42x10-6 cm/s. The order of permeability of fenretinide loaded nanocarriers was found to be in the following decreasing order ZPL\u3eZLG\u3eZC\u3eZWP\u3eZLF\u3eZPEG. Among others tested for single dose PK study of fenretinide, ZLG nanocarriers showed the highest oral bioavailability of fenretinide (6-fold) compared to free fenretinide suspension. Nanocarriers increased the elimination half-life (t1/2) by 2- to 4-fold. ZPL nanocarriers showed the highest Cmax (0.61 μg/mL) of fenretinide, while fenretinide loaded ZC nanocarriers showed the lowest Cmax (0.23 μg/mL). Nanocarriers showed the following decreasing rank order for relative oral bioavailability, ZWP\u3eZLG\u3eZPL\u3eZC, indicating that shell composition has a significant influence on the oral bioavailability. Further, multiple dose pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of fenretinide and fenretinide loaded zeinpluronic- lecithin (ZPL) nanocarriers was performed. The pharmacokinetics of twice a day free fenretinide suspension was compared with once a fenretinide loaded ZPL nanocarriers. The steady state concentration of fenretinide and fenretinide loaded ZPL nanocarriers was achieved at around 50-hours. However, the steady-state plasma concentration of fenretinide from the ZPL nanocarriers was 5-fold higher compared to free fenretinide suspension. Overall, the outcomes from this study demonstrate the structure-function relationship of core-shell protein nanocarriers for oral drug delivery applications. The findings from this study can be used to develop food protein based oral drug delivery systems with specific functional attributes for various oral drug delivery applications

Framework for collecting data from IoT Device

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most significant and blooming technology in the 21st century. IoT has rapidly developed by covering hundreds of applications in the civil, health, military, and agriculture areas. IoT is based on the collection of sensor data through an embedded system, and this embedded system uploads the data on the internet. Devices and sensor technologies connected over a network can monitor and measure data in real-time. The main challenge is to collect data from IoT devices, transmit them to store in the Cloud, and later retrieve them at any time for visualization and data analysis. All these phases need to be secure by following security protocol to ensure data integrity. This work presents the design of a lightweight and easy-to-use data collection framework for IoT devices. This framework consists of collecting data from sensors and sending them to Cloud storage securely and in real-time for further processing and visualization. Our main objective is to make a data-collecting platform that will be plug-and-play and secure so that any organization or research team can use it to collect data from any IoT device for further data analysis. This framework is expected to help with the data collection from a variety of different IoT devices

Fiscal Policy and Hartal in South-East Asian Countries: A Case Study on Bangladesh from 2013 to 2014

The Research gives the grievous effect on different parts of Fiscal policy that is affected by Hartal. As a result if the situation becomes entangled in a certain stage the wheel of the entire economy are bound to be halted abruptly and the country’s economy wil be destroyed. For this reason it is essential for our politician to search an alternate of Hartal. The research also provides information about financial losses in Hartal days in Bangladesh. The Research identifies a disappointing fact that Hartal imposes a large cost on the economy. The study is to identify the measure areas where basically Hartal affects negatively. Also it attempts to explore the negative impacts on GDP and revenue collection. Based on the findings, a number of suggestive policy measures that the planners and implementers may consider for the future development of political situation in developing countries of South-east Asia are embedded in the end of the Research. Keywords: Fiscal, Policy, Hartal, Election Period, Economy, Education, Government and People

GR-45 Framework for Collecting Data from specialized IoT devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most significant and blooming technology in the 21st century. IoT has rapidly developed by covering hundreds of applications in the civil, health, military, and agriculture areas. IoT is based on the collection of sensor data through an embedded system, and this embedded system uploads the data on the internet. Devices and sensor technologies connected over a network can monitor and measure data in real-time. The main challenge is to collect data from IoT devices, transmit them to store in the Cloud, and later retrieve them at any time for visualization and data analysis. All these phases need to be secure by following security protocol to ensure data integrity. In this paper, we present the design of a lightweight and easy-to-use data collection framework for IoT devices. This framework consists of collecting data from sensors and sending them to Cloud storage securely and in real-time for further processing and visualization. Our main objective is to make a data-collecting platform that will be plug-and-play and secure so that any organization or research team can use it to collect data from any IoT device for further data analysis. This framework is expected to help with the data collection from a variety of different IoT devices.Advisors(s): Dr. Maria Valero, Dr. Hossain ShahriarTopic(s): IoT/Cloud/Networkin